سنگ نگاره های چند هزار ساله تیمره
Rock Arts and Rock Museums
Rock arts or petroglyphs are the oldest historical traces left behind from the ancient men. In other words, these rock arts vividly represent the very basis of the creation of secret writing systems, how to convey messages, the origin of language, history, myths and human cultures. The number of these arts amounts to twenty one thousand in the region of Khomein, some of them dated at about 4000 years ago.( Perfessor Marcel Ot) Man has not been able to discover such historical phenomena with such an antiquity up to now.
What is a rock art or a petroglyph?
Simply stated, this art refers to any paintings on carvings or rocks. If those writings or painting on rocks are painted, they will be described as pictographs, and if these picture or writings are engraved or carved into the stones, they are known as petrographs or petroglyphs (in positive carvings a picture is chipped out of rock and in negative carvings, a picture is carved in rocks).Most often, pictographs are seen in the old caves, which are all of a short life due to natural forces and their existence for a long time is because of the fact that they have been preserved against such forces. But petroglyphs are also seen both in the caves and in the open-air places
To eternalize the introvert ideas by observable evidents, the Man started to inscribe. He invented Hieroglyphs to show the realities of his life in forms of his and his companion’s lives, the environment, beliefs, rituals, magical dances, fighting and hunting occasions to communicate. On the other hand he started to create icons and symbols regarding his own current surroundings. Increasing sociological and psychological needs persuaded him to create simple images toward the creation of images that could express his own thoughts.
examples of Ideas turned to images and icons in Prehistoric Iran (Hieroglyphs)
To eternalize the introvert ideas by observable evidents, the Man started to inscribe. He invented Hieroglyphs to show the realities of his life in forms of his and his companion’s lives, the environment, beliefs, rituals, magical dances, fighting and hunting occasions to communicate. On the other hand he started to create icons and symbols regarding his own current surroundings. Increasing sociological and psychological needs persuaded him to create simple images toward the creation of images that could express his own thoughts.
His gradual mental development made him search for better media which traditionally were selected to be rock facades, though sometimes they had to search deep valleys and titanic mountains to find the best places to be their “canvas” capable of being used for drawings their mental images (petroglyphs), create them on hard stones, bones, metals or depict pictographs on the face of caves, using botanic colors, animal blood and clay.
Our 5 year research approves the notion that they searched the area for better rock surfaces as we followed the expected paths in this limited area which were right as we anticipated. These pictographs and petrographs certify that the ancient residences tried to express themselves by the means of these demonstrations that would logically be the beginning of a new identification, manifested on the walls outside or inside of caves, each one bearing a specific meaning that altogether are the very starting point of the Iranian’s history, culture, art, language, and ancient script which are ideographic.
Etruscan alphabet was derived from its Greek source in 7th century B.C. and the first Latin alphabet bears the Etruscan style. Latin alphabets have not change (excluding Gothic and Rhone ones). The word “Rhone” stands for “code” and is characterized by a picturesque style that appears to include some abbreviated and symbolic elements.
Each group of primitive humans had their specific language, having developed through the time, they developed in various methods. Incas, for example, used colorful ropes each one having numerous ties that conveyed some information. Named as “Koeipo”, individuals bearing the same name could tie and interpret the ties, too. Stick tallies would be used by Australian tribesmen were used for same reasons. Realizing petrogrphs in the caves and rock faces of Iran valleys we could witness the same method of messaging that have been unknown to us. Compared to their similar samples in other places like Altamira in Spain, Lasco and Kirks in France and so on, we can perceive their importance in describing and understanding the evolution of different aspects of mankind’s arts, culture, alphabets and language.
The latest researches led by M.Ot the professor of prehistoric ages from Liege university (Belgium) certifies that some caves in Iran (the provinces of Lorestan, KermanShah, and Fars) have been subjected to Carbon14 method. The result showed that they aged about 40,000 years, revealing this fact that Lorestan could the origin of the new stone age era (اوریناسى). His studies show that Iran could logically be the probable origin of the first modern communities than what Afghanistan could prove to be. For example a cave named “Yafteh”, dates back to 40,000 years that can stigmatize the theory of emigrating Iranians from European areas. Instead one may conclude that Europeans themselves
may have emigrated from Asian areas to current locations. According to a interview with Prof. M.Ot : “I selected Iran because I think that this country could present valuable information on the appearance of modern European human originated from somewhere outside Europe and dating back 40,000 years ago. In spite of the current idea hold by most of my colleagues that claims Africa for the origination of modern human, I think that it could be of an Asian source. I have carried out numerous studies in different Asian locations but considering Iran, seemingly, had been the focal point of changes that included Europe, too. Some archeological sites have been discovered respectively, though we should do new field studies. Besides, I presume that the dispersal of to-day languages is connected to the changes in the population of Neanderthals. On the other hand the actual history of the European was exactly initiated synchronous to the changes in Iran. Due to this change, we consider morphological changes in early man and technology besides the appearance of arts. As a result, a new relation was created between the human and nature. Consequently the man imposed his existence to nature by depictions and making none-stone weapons (say, using horns of antelopes). Generally, the strength and persistence of an evolutional phenomenon are tied to mankind belief; otherwise it can not be called a humane evolution.
Images studied by Prof.M.Ott contain some extinct type of deer and ibexes (yellow antelope, Shoka and Maral). The author has personally discovered 116 samples of these extinct animals that can classified as pixel carvings mostly made within the caves, surface of mountain rocks and velleys during different periods. The locations are :Birjand (LakhMazar), Khorasan(Nehbandan), Yazd(Arnan), SystanBaluchestan(Saravan and NikShahr), Isfahan((Gharghab and Kuchary of Golpayegan and Viist of Khansar), Lorestan(Hemian of KuhDasht, Khommeh of Aligudarz, Mihad of Borojerd), Arak(IbrahimAbad, Yasavol of Komijan, AhmadAbad of Khondab, Khomein), Hamedan(Darreh Shahrestane Alvand, Darreh GanjNameh, MehrAbad, Khoshijan of Malayer), Kerman(Mimand and ShahFiruz), Eastern Azarbayejan(Arasbaran), Kordestan(Dehgolan, Saral), Ghom(Kohak) and Tehran(DoulatAbad village of Shariar, Kaftarlu mountain).
In September 2007 the organization of cultural heritage of Kurdistan state requested Prof.Madjid Khan(Ph.D in pictography from Pakistan and a member of Australian Union of Rock Arts) to study Kurdistan relics situated in sites of Uraman, Dehgolan, DivanDareh and Bijar. He estimated the relics to be dated between 3,000 to 10,000 years. Interestingly, a large number of vertical and horizontal inscriptions were discovered amongst images of circles, diamonds, cervical and straight lines existed that were accompanied with two dimensional dotted areas. Mam were depicted in standing poses with his hands on his wirst that may symbolize authority. There are also Illamite, Pahlevid and Sasanid inscriptions together with some geometrical lines.
In 1968, the Association of Iran National Heritage called for Prof. Ghirshman to perform studied on Iran RockArts. He claimed that until then there were no recorded rockart in Bakhtiari mountains and other colleagues of his as Prof. Cone and American scientists , were not sure of the existence of rockarts in Bistun, Albors mountains, Khorasan and Afghanistan. On the contrary, in the recent 5 years we have discovered and located more than 50,000 samples described in an atlas and it could not be fair to ignore this collection and only stick to limited specimen in western world and Egypt to simply identify the origin of the arts, inscriptions and initiatory human signs and symbols.
A summary on the characteristics of basic signs and symbols:
Circle : Developed from a sole dot, symbolizes the perfection, integration and the absence of separation and division. It has a denotation of a perfect evolution in the form of a dot and is the symbol of creation and the creator. Concentric circles introduce the classes of existence. It stimulates an endless eternal circulation and has widely been used to show the time entity as having the infinite cycle of repetitive seconds. It represents the continuous interval of day and night. Being the representation of the divinity as centered on everything and inscribing everything. Sky itself becomes a symbol of unseen, spiritual and exalted world. More explicitly, it shows a universal sky especially as edges the horizon. It is the symbol of movement and physical changes. It is in fact a multi polygonal with unlimited number of sides. The existence of a differentiate point on its circumference means that it starts and ends so it loses it’s identity as a circle and has a chunk in its chain on continuance. It stimulates the motion even if there is no explicit presentation of it in a motion. It is recorded to be one of the first symbols in human history of written forms of communications. The first attempts of the children in drawings, consists of simple forms of circles.
Rectangle: It is one of the most common universal geometric forms within symbolic groups. According to Pythagoras, it is the representation of class harmony as long as being and consequently can be considered as a symbol of canonical justice judging every thing equally. Plato realizes it as the symbol of harmony as the highest excellence that enables one to attain absolute Truth. It is regarded mysterious and constant and represents the truth. Rectangles have provoked architects in creating endless forms in buildings. Rectangles are static forms that its sides induce a sense of stillness, stability, accommodation, dignity and landing. Though it dramatically coins to another shape when one of its sides is curved
Triangles: Isosceles ones stand for divinity, accordance, and agreement. They represent the numbers and nearly all the geometric shapes can be partitioned to triangles. It can be the base of a pyramid. A triangle may present any form of generativeness by its property of divisibility as human being can be comparatively divided into triangular sections. Each style of triangles portray a unique element: An isosceles triangle symbolizing the earth, a right-angled one stands for water, a scalene triangle represents air, an isosceles one depicting fire, and an isosceles one having a 108 degree angled head and have their own denotations. Indians, Greeks, and Romans had utilized triangles in decorations. Every polygon can be divided to triangles.
Rectangles, isosceles triangles, and cross source from rectangle that is one of the basic symbolic shapes. Pictograms (simplified delineation of concrete identities representing an idea) mostly refer to our surrounding elements (examples as a man depicted by some straight lines). Pictograms are generally simple bearing different denotations. They can be warning or instructive. Using these graphical symbol we can set up a graphical communication.
عکس رسانهای است که گاه بیشتر از هزاران واژه را در یک شات مختصر میکند و لحظهای از زمان و مکان را فریز میکند، عکس به وسیله مهارتهای تکنیکی، موقعیتشناسی و زاویه دید عکاسش، یک برش زمانی و مکانی را جاودان میکند.